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Nikola Tesla apparently crafted a working earthquake machine. In all versions the device was in essence a piston frictionlessly vibrating in a cylinder, and Tesla predicted it was the wave of the future and would make him a fortune, but it was a process that had its share of growing pains. 5: I followed the link to the video. I'm having a problem with my PC sound at present, so I turned on subtitles. The subtitles have obviously been generated by a voice recognition algorithm, and were wrong enough that I couldn't quite follow what was going on, but I think this is a video about problems with voice recognition in an elevator that can't understand 'eleven' in a Scottish accent.
How often do nuclear power plants go wrong? How many accidents and incidents are there?
The explosions and nuclear fuel rods melting at Japan's Fukushima nuclear power plant, following the Sendai earthquake and tsunami last week, have caused fears of what will happen next. Today Japan's nuclear safety agency has raised the nuclear alert level for Japan from four to five - making it two levels lower than the Chernobyl disaster in 1986.
So far, the Japanese authorities have maintained that there is 'no cause to fear a major nuclear accident'.
We have identified 33 serious incidents and accidents at nuclear power stations since the first recorded one in 1952 at Chalk River in Ontario, Canada.
The information is partially from the International Atomic Energy Authority - which, astonishingly, fails to keep a complete historical database - and partially from reports. Of those we have identified, six happened in the US and five in Japan. The UK and Russia have had three apiece.
Using Google Fusion tables, we've put these on a map, so you can see how they're spread around the globe:
Get the fullscreen versionBut how serious are they? The International Atomic Energy Authority ranks them using a special International Nuclear Events Scale (INES) - ranging from 'anomaly' to 'major accident', numbered from 1 to 7.
The events at Fukushima are level 5, so far and there has only been one 7 in history: Chernobyl in 1986. You can see the full ranking system below and on the attached spreadsheet
What can you do with the data?
Data summary
Incident | Country | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Fukushima | 5 | Japan | Reactor shutdown after the 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami; failure of emergency cooling caused an explosion |
| 2011 | Onagawa | Japan | Reactor shutdown after the 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami caused a fire | |
| 2006 | Fleurus | 4 | Belgium | Severe health effects for a worker at a commercial irradiation facility as a result of high doses of radiation |
| 2006 | Forsmark | 2 | Sweden | Degraded safety functions for common cause failure in the emergency power supply system at nuclear power plant |
| 2006 | Erwin | US | Thirty-five litres of a highly enriched uranium solution leaked during transfer | |
| 2005 | Sellafield | 3 | UK | Release of large quantity of radioactive material, contained within the installation |
| 2005 | Atucha | 2 | Argentina | Overexposure of a worker at a power reactor exceeding the annual limit |
| 2005 | Braidwood | US | Nuclear material leak | |
| 2003 | Paks | 3 | Hungary | Partially spent fuel rods undergoing cleaning in a tank of heavy water ruptured and spilled fuel pellets |
| 1999 | Tokaimura | 4 | Japan | Fatal overexposures of workers following a criticality event at a nuclear facility |
| 1999 | Yanangio | 3 | Peru | Incident with radiography source resulting in severe radiation burns |
| 1999 | Ikitelli | 3 | Turkey | Loss of a highly radioactive Co-60 source |
| 1999 | Ishikawa | 2 | Japan | Control rod malfunction |
| 1993 | Tomsk | 4 | Russia | Pressure buildup led to an explosive mechanical failure |
| 1993 | Cadarache | 2 | France | Spread of contamination to an area not expected by design |
| 1989 | Vandellos | 3 | Spain | Near accident caused by fire resulting in loss of safety systems at the nuclear power station |
| 1989 | Greifswald | Germany | Excessive heating which damaged ten fuel rods | |
| 1986 | Chernobyl | 7 | Ukraine (USSR) | Widespread health and environmental effects. External release of a significant fraction of reactor core inventory |
| 1986 | Hamm-Uentrop | Germany | Spherical fuel pebble became lodged in the pipe used to deliver fuel elements to the reactor | |
| 1981 | Tsuraga | 2 | Japan | More than 100 workers were exposed to doses of up to 155 millirem per day radiation |
| 1980 | Saint Laurent des Eaux | 4 | France | Melting of one channel of fuel in the reactor with no release outside the site |
| 1979 | Three Mile Island | 5 | US | Severe damage to the reactor core |
| 1977 | Jaslovské Bohunice | 4 | Czechoslovakia | Damaged fuel integrity, extensive corrosion damage of fuel cladding and release of radioactivity |
| 1969 | Lucens | Switzerland | Total loss of coolant led to a power excursion and explosion of experimental reactor | |
| 1967 | Chapelcross | UK | Graphite debris partially blocked a fuel channel causing a fuel element to melt and catch fire | |
| 1966 | Monroe | US | Sodium cooling system malfunction | |
| 1964 | Charlestown | US | Error by a worker at a United Nuclear Corporation fuel facility led to an accidental criticality | |
| 1959 | Santa Susana Field Laboratory | US | Partial core meltdown | |
| 1958 | Chalk River | Canada | Due to inadequate cooling a damaged uranium fuel rod caught fire and was torn in two | |
| 1958 | Vinča | Yugoslavia | During a subcritical counting experiment a power buildup went undetected - six scientists received high doses | |
| 1957 | Kyshtym | 6 | Russia | Significant release of radioactive material to the environment from explosion of a high activity waste tank. |
| 1957 | Windscale Pile | 5 | UK | Release of radioactive material to the environment following a fire in a reactor core |
| 1952 | Chalk River | 5 | Canada | A reactor shutoff rod failure, combined with several operator errors, led to a major power excursion of more than double the reactor's rated output at AECL's NRX reactor |
Definition | Radiological barriers & control | Example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | Major accident | Major release of radio active material with widespread health and environmental effects requiring implementation of planned and extended countermeasures | Chernobyl, Ukraine, 1986 | ||
| 6 | Serious accident | Significant release of radioactive material likely to require implementation of planned countermeasures. | Kyshtym, Russia, 1957 | ||
| 5 | Accident with wider consequences | Limited release of radioactive material likely to require implementation of | • Severe damage to reactor core. | Windscale, UK, 1957; Three Mile Island, 1979 | |
| some planned countermeasures • Several deaths from radiation | • Release of large quantities of radioactive material within an installation | ||||
| with a high probability of | |||||
| significant public exposure. This | |||||
| could arise from a major criticality accident or fire | |||||
| 4 | Accident with local consequences | • Minor release of radioactive material unlikely to result in implementation of planned countermeasures other than | • Fuel melt or damage to fuel resulting in more than 0.1% release of core inventory. | FUKUSHIMA 1, 2011 | |
| local food controls. | • Release of significant quantities of radioactive | ||||
| • At least one death from radiation. | material within an installation with a high probability of significant | ||||
| public exposure. | |||||
| 3 | Serious incident | • Exposure in excess of ten times the statutory annual limit for workers. | • Exposure rates of more than 1 Sv/h in an operating area. | • Near accident at a nuclear power plant | Sellafield, UK, 2005 |
| • Non-lethal deterministic health effect (e.g., burns) from radiation. | • Severe contamination in an area not expected by design, with a | with no safety provisions remaining. | |||
| low probability | • Lost or stolen highly radioactive sealed source. | ||||
| of significant public exposure. | • Misdelivered highly radioactive sealed source without adequate procedures in place to handle it. | ||||
| 2 | Incident | • Exposure of a member of the public | • Radiation levels in an operating area | • Significant failures in safety provisions | Atucha, Argentina, 2005 |
| in excess of 10 mSv. | of more than 50 mSv/h. | but with no actual consequences. | |||
| • Exposure of a worker in excess of the | • Significant contamination within the | • Found highly radioactive sealed | |||
| statutory annual limits | facility into an area not expected by | orphan source, device or transport | |||
| design | package with safety provisions intact. | ||||
| • Inadequate packaging of a highly | |||||
| radioactive sealed source. | |||||
| 1 | Anomaly | • Overexposure of a member of the | |||
| public in excess of statutory annual | |||||
| limits. | |||||
| • Minor problems with safety | |||||
| components with significant | |||||
| defence-in-depth remaining. | |||||
| • Low activity lost or stolen radioactive | |||||
| source, device or transport package |
Download the data
• DATA: download the full spreadsheet
More data
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• Search the world's government data with our gateway
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• Search the world's global development data with our gateway
Can you do something with this data?
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No doubt Raygun is saving thousands of developers from embarrassing or even catastrophic software errors every day, but what was life like without such an awesome (and automatic) error monitoring solution? We've looked into some of the biggest disasters over the years to see what happens when software errors cause chaos!
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NASA's Mars Climate Orbiter
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On its mission to Mars in 1998 the Climate Orbiter spacecraft was ultimately lost in space. Although the failure bemused engineers for some time it was revealed that a sub contractor on the engineering team failed to make a simple conversion from English units to metric. An embarrassing lapse that sent the $125 million craft fatally close to Mars' surface after attempting to stabilize its orbit too low. Flight controllers believe the spacecraft plowed into Mars' atmosphere where the associated stresses crippled its communications, leaving it hurtling on through space in an orbit around the sun.
Ariane 5 Flight 501
Europe's newest un-manned satellite-launching rocket reused working software from its predecessor, the Ariane 4. Unfortunately, the Ariane 5's faster engines exploited a bug that was not found in previous models. Thirty-six seconds into its maiden launch the rocket's engineers hit the self destruct button following multiple computer failures. In essence, the software had tried to cram a 64-bit number into a 16-bit space. The resulting overflow conditions crashed both the primary and backup computers (which were both running the exact same software).
The Ariane 5 had cost nearly $8 billion to develop, and was carrying a $500 million satellite payload when it exploded.
EDS Child Support System
In 2004, EDS introduced a highly complex IT system to the U.K.'s Child Support Agency (CSA). At the exact same time, the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) decided to restructure the entire agency. The two pieces of software were completely incompatible, and irreversible errors were introduced as a result. The system somehow managed to overpay 1.9 million people, underpay another 700,000, had US$7 billion in uncollected child support payments, a backlog of 239,000 cases, 36,000 new cases 'stuck' in the system, and has cost the UK taxpayers over US$1 billion to date.
Soviet Gas Pipeline Explosion
The Soviet pipeline had a level of complexity that would require advanced automated control software. The CIA was tipped off to the Soviet intentions to steal the control system's plans. Working with the Canadian firm that designed the pipeline control software, the CIA had the designers deliberately create flaws in the programming so that the Soviets would receive a compromised program. It is claimed that in June 1982, flaws in the stolen software led to a massive explosion along part of the pipeline, causing the largest non-nuclear explosion in the planet's history.
Bitcoin Hack, Mt. Gox
Launched in 2010, Japanese bitcoin exchange, Mt. Gox, was the largest in the world. After being hacked in June, 2011, Mt. Gox stated that they'd lost over 850,000 bitcoins (worth around half a billion US dollars at the time of writing).
Although around 200,000 of the bitcoins were recovered, Mark Karpeles admits 'We had weaknesses in our system, and our bitcoins vanished.'
Heathrow Terminal 5 Opening
Just before the opening of Heathrow's Terminal 5 in the UK, staff tested the brand new baggage handling system built to carry the vast amounts of luggage checked in each day. Engineers tested the system thoroughly before opening the Terminal to the public with over 12,000 test pieces of luggage. It worked flawlessly on all test runs only to find on the Terminal's opening day the system simply could not cope. It is thought that 'real life' scenarios such as removing a bag from the system manually when a passenger had left an important item in their luggage, had caused the entire system to become confused and shut down.
Over the following 10 days some 42,000 bags failed to travel with their owners, and over 500 flights were cancelled.
The Mariner 1 Spacecraft
On a mission to fly-by Venus in 1962, this spacecraft barely made it out of Cape Canaveral when a software-coding error caused the rocket to veer dangerously off-course, threatening to crash back to earth. Alarmed, NASA engineers on the ground issued a self-destruct command. A review board later determined that the omission of a hyphen in coded computer instructions allowed the transmission of incorrect guidance signals to the spacecraft. The cost for the rocket was reportedly more than $18 million at the time.
The Morris Worm
A program developed by a Cornell University student for what he said was supposed to be a harmless experiment wound up spreading wildly and crashing thousands of computers in 1988 because of a coding error. It was the first widespread worm attack on the fledgling Internet. The graduate student, Robert Tappan Morris, was convicted of a criminal hacking offense and fined $10,000. Morris's lawyer claimed at the trial that his client's program helped improve computer security.
Costs for cleaning up the mess may have gone as high as $100 Million. Morris, who interestingly co-founded the startup incubator Y Combinator, is now a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A disk with the worm's source code is now housed at the University of Boston.
Patriot Missile Error
Sometimes, the cost of a software glitch can't be measured in dollars. In February of 1991, a U.S. Patriot missile defence system in Saudi Arabia, failed to detect an attack on an Army barracks. A government report found that a software problem led to an inaccurate tracking calculation that became worse the longer the system operated. Dungeons of noudar 3d mac os. On the day of the incident, the system had been operating for more than 100 hours, and the inaccuracy was serious enough to cause the system to look in the wrong place for the incoming missile. The attack killed 28 American soldiers. Prior to the incident, Army officials had fixed the software to improve the Patriot systems accuracy. That modified software reached the base the day after the attack.
Pentium FDIV bug
When a math professor discovered and publicized a flaw in Intel's popular Pentium processor in 1994, the company's response was to replace chips upon request to users who could prove they were affected. Intel calculated that the error caused by the flaw would happen so rarely that the vast majority of users wouldn't notice. Angry customers demanded a replacement for anyone who asked, and Intel agreed. The episode cost Intel $475 million.
Knight's $440 Million Error
One of the biggest American market makers for stocks struggled to stay afloat after a software bug triggered a $440 million loss in just 30 minutes. The firm's shares lost 75 percent in two days after the faulty software flooded the market with unintended trades. Knight's trading algorithms reportedly started pushing erratic trades through on nearly 150 different stocks, sending them into spasms.
Honourable mention: NOAA-19 Satellite
Although not a software error, on September 6, 2003, this satellite was badly damaged while being worked on at the Lockheed Martin Space Systems factory. The satellite fell to the floor as a team was turning it to a horizontal position. An inquiry into the mishap determined that it was caused by a lack of procedural discipline throughout the facility. Turns out that while the turn-over cart used during the procedure was in storage, a technician removed twenty-four bolts securing an adapter plate to it without documenting the action. The team subsequently using the cart to turn the satellite failed to check the bolts, as specified in the procedure, before attempting to move the satellite.
Repairs to the satellite cost $135 million.
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