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The first Apple proposal to move the Macintosh to Intel hardware did not begin with Mac OS X. It began in 1985, shortly after Steve Jobs' departure from Apple. The project was quickly nixed by Apple's management, but it would be revived several years later in a joint effort by Novell and Apple to port the Mac OS to the x86 processor.
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Microsoft released Windows 3.1 in 1992, and it quickly became the best selling program in the industry. Both Novell and Apple were threatened by the new operating system. Novell feared that the new version of Windows (and especially the pending release of Windows NT) would interfere with its NetWare product, which held a near monopoly in PC networks.
Apple was equally threatened. Windows was not as easy to use, but Windows PCs cost less than Macs, and Windows could run standard DOS apps without add-on cards or emulation.
Novell began work modernizing Digital Research's GEM, best known as the graphical environment used on the Atari ST, and turning it into a competitor to Windows. The legal department at Novell got the jitters over the project and had it canceled, fearing that an enhanced GEM would attract a lawsuit from Apple.
Darrell Miller, then Vice President of marketing at Novell, made a proposal to Apple CEO John Sculley about porting the Mac OS to Intel hardware. Sculley was thrilled by the offer – he wanted Apple to move away from the expensive hardware business and turn it into a software provider.
The project to bring the Mac OS to the Intel 486 began on Valentine's Day in 1992 and was named Star Trek. The project was blessed by Intel's CEO Andy Grove, who feared Microsoft's power in the PC market.
Apple's leadership gave a deadline of October 31 (Halloween) for creating a working prototype of Star Trek. The group set to work porting the Mac OS to Intel processors.
The task was a tedious one. Much of the Mac OS was written in 680×0 assembly code to make the computer faster and use less disk space. All of this code had to be totally rewritten for the 486. Other parts of the operating system were easier – most of the interface elements had been written in Pascal and only required a few modifications.
There were several other technical hurdles to overcome in porting the Mac OS to Intel processors. The software relied heavily on the ROMs in Macs, which stored much of the operating system and dictated how many GUI features behaved. It would be too expensive to create new ROMs for PC users, so the group implemented the ROMs in software, loading them during startup. (This feature would not be incorporated into Macs until the introduction of the iMac in 1998.)
The group managed to meet its deadline and had a functional demo ready by December 1, 1992. Apple executives were amazed to see the Finder run on an ordinary PC. The engineers did more than that – QuickDraw GX and QuickTime were also ported to x86.
With the first goal of the project completed, the engineers took a vacation in Mexico, and the management at Apple and Novell began to decide how to complete the project.
Unfortunately, John Sculley's reign at Apple came to an end in the middle of the Star Trek project. The new CEO, Michael Spindler, had little interest in porting the Mac OS to x86 and devoted most of Apple's resources to preparing System 7 for the PowerPC.
The Star Trek project was canceled, and the Mac OS would not run natively on Intel until after Apple acquired NeXT in 1996, which already had an x86-base operating system, NeXTstep.
In June 2005, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had been concurrently developing OS X on Intel and PowerPC processors for five years – and that within a year Macs would be based on Intel processors and future versions of Mac OS X would run on Apple's forthcoming Intel-based hardware.
Tech Links
- Windows 3.x, 3.1 released March 1992, Wikipedia
- Windows NT, released July 1993, Wikipedia
- Novell NetWare, Wikipedia
- Atari ST, Wikipedia
- GEM OS: The Other Windows, Roger McCarten, PC Mechanic
- Intel 80486, Wikipedia
- Star Trek Project, Wikipedia
- NeXT, Wikipedia
- NeXTstep, Wikipedia
Biographic Links
- Nature Images, Darrell Miller, retired Executive Vice President, Novell
- John Sculley, Wikipedia
- Andy Grove, Wikipedia
- Michael Spindler, Wikipedia
Bibliography
Some of the sources used in writing this article:
- Apple: The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania, and Business Blunders, Jim Carlton
- Infinite Loop, Michael Malone
- The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, Alan Deutschman
- Apple Confidential 2.0, Owen Linzmayer
- Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple . . . a Journey of Adventure, Ideas & the Future, John Sculley
Keywords: #startrek
Short link: http://goo.gl/1tlLuy
searchword: startrek
Tips on 10.4 Tiger, 10.5 Leopard, 10.6 Snow Leopard, 10.7 Lion, 10.8 Mountain Lion,10.9 Mavericks,10.10 Yosemite,10.11 El Capitanand 10.12 Sierra-11.0 Big Sur.
This is part of a series of tips of updating to Mac OS X 10.2 through Mac OS 11.0 Client. Server versions of Mac OS X are better handled by asking questions in the Server forum. 10.2 & 10.3 are not mentioned above since they can't be upgraded to 10.6 or later. Some 10.8 prebundled Macs can be upgraded to 10.12 and then to Catalina.
Only the MacBook Air 6,1 (as the system profiler reports the Machine ID) shipped with 10.8.4 and is compatible with Big Sur. All other Mac shipped with Mavericks or Yosemite that are Big Sur compatible.
Before updating to 10.7 or later from 10.6.8 or earlier, please read this tip:
Note, some downloads from Apple do not work in Safari for earlier Mac OSes, see this tip if you find you can't download them anymore, to find a browser that will work.
10.9, and 10.10 are no longer available, unless it was preinstalled on your Mac or you purchased it prior on the Apple Store. Some people whom no longer have need for either operating system may find they can transfer their license to someone else who does need it and have the compatibility needs of the links above. Note, if your Mac came with 10.6.8 or earlier installed and is compatible with 10.8, you can install 10.6.8 and then 10.11. Unfortunately you have to request the App Store make 10.11 available if you require it, and are not compatible with 10.12 or 10.13. 10.7.5 and higher users can upgrade to 10.12. 10.8.4 released Macbook Airs are the oldest Macs that can upgrade to Big Sur Mac OS 11.0.
For info on what 10.13 is compatible with, visit this tip:
See this tip to find your Mac model's age:
Backing up your data at least twice is essential. A clone backup, explained in the 'backing up' link in the prior sentence, prior to upgrading to Lion will ensure you are able to backstep to Lion in event you don't have a USB Flash drive copy of Lion.
Apple announced Mountain Lion's availability, July 25, 2012.
iOS 9.2 and iOS 9.2.1 require Mac OS X 10.8 and iTunes 12.3 (newer versions of iOS require newer Mac OS X for syncing, and are covered in that link) for syncing on the Macintosh side.
Apple has released 10.8.1,10.8.2 , the supplemental update to 10.8.2, 10.8.3, 10.8.4, 10.8.5, Security Update 2014-003 (Mountain Lion) and 10.9 (Mavericks) as updates to Mountain Lion.
For the latest security updates see http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1222
and searching for the newer one together with the text
support.apple.com DL
will get newer download links.
Mavericks is mentioned on this same line, as the Apple hardware requirements are the same, though the compatibility for Mavericks for third party devices may differ. 10.8 is now (as of January 10, 2014) available directly from the http://store.apple.com/us/product/D6377/os-x-mountain-lion link in the United States (the /us/ in the link may be changed for the standard standard two letter country code matching the store link), although realize that 10.9 is free and has the same Apple hardware requirements as 10.8, though some software may only run on 10.8. If you have difficulty downloading 10.8, go the App Store support. The App Store support may be able to help you restore 10.8 to its factory condition and make it available on internet restore, which happens with a command-R boot. For Macs newer than 10.8's release of July 25, 2012 (Mac Minis older than October 23, 2012 would not fall under this, since their hardware was not modified until that date), but older than 10.9's release of October 22, 2013, contacting AppleCare http://www.apple.com/contact/phone_contacts.html may be needed to add it to internet restore. Macs that were prebundled with 10.6.8 or earlier can't use the command-R boot without a firmware update:
Some issues exist with WiFi on 10.8.5 for some machines. At this point the reason is unknown, and sometimes it takes connecting to ethernet
and then back to WiFi to fix. Note, if your machine is 4 years or older, be sure to have your PRAM battery checked. This battery is separate from the battery that lets you work off the power lines. If it is under 4 years old, frequently such issues can be resolved with the PRAM being reset. Be sure
to report to Apple Store, or http://www.apple.com/feedback/ any issues you have. If you want to go through a formal way, submit a bug reportafter signing for
an online developer account.
Front row is no longer present with Lion or Mountain Lion. However, some have found a way to get it to work with both.
If you have issues with the download after reading the rest of this tip, please contact the Mac App Store form or e-mail, to ensure you don't get double billed
when you redownload Mountain Lion. Also you will probably have to contact them if you can't find the link on the store when going to this U.S. store download link (adjust the link according to your country when you enter the store website). It is 4.05 GB which works out to 4147.2 MB, which at 7Mbps or .875 MBps would take 1 hour 19 minutes. At 1.5 Mbps that would take 6 hours and 8 minutes. At 768 kbps that would take 12 hours and 16 minutes. And that's assuming the traffic at Apple trying to download it isn't overwhelming the servers, and you have a dedicated connection at those speeds. After the download completes, the installer takes 3 minutes before rebooting itself, and 33 minutes after rebooting to complete the installation on an iMac 11,2. Times may vary by speed of the hard drive, connected peripherals (preferably none), available disc space, and available RAM. Unlike Lion, before the installer begins, it leaves behind a distinct 4.3 GB installer file you can drag to any backup you need before beginning with the 36+ minute installation process.
http://roaringapps.com/apps?platform=osxoffers a third party table for software compatibility. Ignore the El Capitan compatibility, as that has not been released yet. https://discussions.apple.com/docs/DOC-6271 should be
read before updating from 10.6.8 or earlier. RAW photo support for 10.7 is different from 10.8, but here is the 10.8 support link:
Blue/purple alive redemption 1 mac os.
Mountain Lion, Mac OS X 10.8 has many of the same requirements as Lion, except those listed below:
Brother has a table that lists which Faxes work with 10.8.
Canon has released new Fax software for 10.8 and some of their printers.
Epson has a table that includes some printers as listed as Fax compatible.
HP website says the HP Fax driver ships with some of their printers, but is not specific as to which ones.
The USR 5637 modem has plug and play FAX compatibility with Mac OS X 10.4 to 10.8. FAX compatibility is one of the options available through the Print dialog together with the PDF save options in Mac OS X.
Apple has a listing of printer and scanner drivers for 10.6 through 10.9:
Any not listed, will have to come from the vendor directly.
Apple provides updates to the printers on that link through these links by vendor:
HP, Ricoh, Canon, Epson, Brother,Lexmark, Samsung, and Fuji/Xerox
The major third party Fax software vendors for Fax machines stopped supporting Mac OS X as of 10.8 on some, and 10.7 on others.
4-Sight-Fax supported 10.7, but not 10.8.
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Now discontinued, Smileyourmac's PageSender stopped supporting Mac OS X after 10.6.8.
Apple has the minimum system requirements for Mountain Lion, which are the same for Mavericks, Yosemite, and El Capitan, based on their annual time schedule of model releases on http://www.apple.com/osx/specs/
Below are others means of identifying the compatibility if you completely read this tip.
At this point several places on the Net already are claiming Mountain Lion compatibility for certain software or hardware that is non-Apple.
Any announcements of Mountain Lion compatibility prior to July 25, 2012 should be treated with skepticism, and tested on a backed up system
prior to updating those entries on the Net and getting Mountain Lion either from an authorized reseller or Apple. Note: at the point of writing this
tip, no USB Flash drive is available for Mountain Lion, and it can only be gotten from Apple Mac App Store. Stay tuned!
Macs sold with different hardware in the same model name on or after July 25, 2012, may not be able to run Lion, or earlier versions of Mac OS X,
though are still able to run Windows. An older Mac may be needed to run software not yet tested with Mountain Lion. See below for resources on telling a Mac's age. Solutions for running Snow Leopardmay still work.
Someone who does not have the serial number of their machine due to a logicboard replacement,
or other is desiring to purchase an older machine and wanting to know about Mountain Lion's compatibility,
will benefit by the following. The model identifier, also known as Machine ID, can be found in Apple menu -> About This Mac -> System Information or More info. The following Macs with 10.6.8 or later, 2GB of RAM, and 8 GB of hard space (presumably an additional 15% of free hard disk space will be beneficial as has always arbitrarily been found in the past) are able to upgrade to Mac OS X 10.8:
iMac 7,1 and later
MacBook 5,1 and later
MacBook Pro 3,1 and later
MacBook Air 2,1 and later
Mac Mini 3,1 and later.
Mac Pro 1,x and 2,x have two solutions in link 1 and link 2. 3,1 and later have built-in official support.
The link to get older Mac Pros to run 10.8 has been objected to by some as doing something not allowed. It does stretch the limits of
what is possible even under the license agreement, but as long as you keep the one copy of 10.8 you buy and do not distribute it to anyone else,
you have satisfied the requirements of the license agreement. Mind you the cost may be more than Mac OS X Server 10.8 or 10.7 depending on the compatibility of software and how many licenses you need to get. Read the rest of the tip to determine if your software at least is ready for 10.8.
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Airdrop is compatible on 10.8 systems of the following model identifier:
MacBook Pro 5,1 and later
MacBook Air 3,1 and later
MacBook 5,1 and later
iMac 9,1 and later
Mac Mini 4,1 and later
Mac Pro 4,1 and later
Airplay mirroring is compatible on 10.8 systems of the following model identifier:
Mac Mini 5,1
MacBook Air 4,1
MacBook Pro 8,1
iMac 12,1
..Mac Pro..noticeably absent in spite of June 11, 2012's new release. If someone getting a new Mac Pro would care to comment, please feel free to.
A similar feature is available to older Macs through third party software and hardware listed on this tip.
Powernap is compatible just with these Macs:
MacBook Air 3,1
MacBook Pro 10,1 and later.
Macs whose minimum Mac OS X is 10.8 (may be able to run older versions with this hint):
MacBook Pro 10,2 or later, 10,1 Retina 2.4 Ghz, ME665LL/A EMC 2673, Retina 2.8 Ghz
Mac Mini 6,1 or later.
iMac 13,1 or later
As of 4/22/2013, no MacBook Air, nor Mac Pro could only run Mac OS X 10.8.
A very good third party resource for identifying older Macs is on EveryMac.
Tips present for Lion's release are fairly good for Mountain Lion as far as is known as of the date of this tip's posting.
Apple has a history of making Macs only compatible with the operating system available at the time of their refresh date.
10.14 Mojave is available to certain MacBook Air, Mac mini, iMac, Mac Pros and MacBook Pros which shipped with 10.8 after upgrading to 10.12 from 10.8. Note: some Mac Pros (not MacBook Pro) which shipped with 10.6, may be updated to 10.6.8 then 10.11 then to 10.14. Some MacBook Pros shipped with 10.7 that can be upgraded to Mojave after upgrading to 10.12.
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Macbooks without Air or Pro next to the name need to have shipped with 10.10 or later and updated to 10.11 before installing Mojave.
